Sector of Economic Activities Free Essays

The essential area of the economy concentrates or gathers items from the earth. The essential segment incorporates the creation of crude material and fundamental nourishments. Exercises related with the essential area incorporate agribusiness (both resource and business), mining, ranger service, cultivating, brushing, chasing and assembling, angling, and quarrying. We will compose a custom article test on Segment of Economic Activities or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now The bundling and preparing of the crude material related with this area is additionally viewed as a feature of this part. In created and creating nations, a diminishing extent of laborers are associated with the essential segment. About 3% of the U. S. abor power is occupied with essential division action today, while more than 66% of the work power were essential part laborers in the mid-nineteenth century. Optional Sector The auxiliary segment of the economy produces completed products. The entirety of assembling, handling, and development exists in the auxiliary part. Exercises related with the auxiliary division incorporate metal working and purifying, car creation, material creation, concoction and designing ventures, aviation fabricating, vitality utilities, building, distilleries and bottlers, development, and shipbuilding. Tertiary Sector The tertiary part of the economy is the administration business. This part offers types of assistance to everybody and to organizations. Exercises related with this division incorporate retail and discount deals, transportation and conveyance, amusement (films, TV, radio, music, theater, and so on ), cafés, administrative administrations, media, the travel industry, protection, banking, medicinal services, and law. In generally created and creating nations, a developing extent of laborers are committed to the tertiary area. In the U. S. , over 80% of the work power are tertiary specialists. Step by step instructions to refer to Sector of Economic Activities, Papers

The Impact of Ethics on Decision Making Essay -- Ethics Morals Decisio

I cant feel my face

I can’t feel my face tldr; If you like snow and want to come to MIT, read this post. If you don’t like snow and want to come to MIT, don’t read this post. If you don’t like MIT… I think you’re on the wrong page. Maybe you’ve heard, but it’s cold in Boston right now. Like, really cold. Arctic tundra cold. Why-is-the-air-trying-to-kill-me cold. Something known (rather intimidatingly) as a “bomb cyclone” hit us yesterday with a foot of snow, and it was actually the warmest that it’s been outside in a week. This has become my standard outdoor attire: I realize I look a bit like I’m about to hike Mt. Everest, but when the high temperature for the day has a negative sign in front of it, you really stop caring what you look like.   Plus, that ridiculous hood does a great job of keeping the snow and wind from freezing my face off, which is nice. I’ve been back at MIT since the day after Christmas, which is when the face-freezing cold hit hard. The basketball team had our first practice after break on the 27th, so we have to be back earlier than most (official IAP doesn’t start for three more days). That means we have a few weeks of zero academic obligations and a near-empty campus. It’s pretty cool to be able to focus completely on basketball, and have extra time to do all of the things I put off during the semester- cooking, reading, playing guitar. Anyway, did I mention that it’s been cold here? When I went home for a week after finals, Boston looked like this: It had snowed just enough to make everything pretty and festive, and all of the trees on Newbury St. and Commonwealth Ave. light up at night. I believe the term is “Winter Wonderland”. Then I went home, came back a week later, and the river was frozen. The fact that so much water can freeze never ceases to amaze me: This photo was taken while crossing the Harvard Bridge. I think that the Top 5 Coldest Moments of My Existence have all occurred while crossing the Harvard Bridge. Then, yesterday, the Snowpocalypse! :O It looked like this: There should be an entire city visible across the river.   Margaret S. 21, Kristen N. 19, and Kylie G. 21 looking for Boston. So. Much. Snow. It was a near white-out from early in the morning until 10 or so at night, non-stop. Amazingly, it felt like no one was fazed- even last night during the storm we were still able to have Chinese food delivered to our dorm. This morning, most of the streets and sidewalks downtown were cleared, and it was business as usual. Coming from a place where even a couple inches of snow can shut down everything for days, I’m super impressed: Such beautiful snow removal. Stay warm out there! Post Tagged #Charles River #photography

Examination of the need for and management of the supply chain - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2852 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? 1. Introduction to supply Chain Management What is a supply chain? What is supply chain management (SCM)? Importance of supply chain management, Overview of supply chain management, Decision phases in a supply chain, Process view of a supply chain, Nature and scope of supply chain management, Managing the supply chain, A model of supply chain management, What is logistics?, What is logistics management?, Logistical competency, Competitiveness and competitive advantage, Gaining competitive advantage through logistics, Integrated supply chains, Supply chain and competitive performance, Evolution of logistics toward supply chain management, Logistical activities, Objectives of logistics management, Role of logistics in (a) supply chain management, (b) the economy and (c) the organization, Logistics costs, Total cost concept, Evolution of supply chain management, Importance of logistics / supply chain management, Focus areas in supply chain management, A frame for structuring supply chain drivers, Change drivers, Review questio ns. A company can identify its supply chain by first selecting a particular product group or product family. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Examination of the need for and management of the supply chain" essay for you Create order Then it should trace the flow of materials and information from the final customer (end users) backward through the distribution system, to the manufacturer and then to the suppliers and the source of raw materials. This entire chain of activities and process is known as the supply chain for that product group. A large company will have several supply chains. In a multi-divisional company with many product groups, there could be many different supply chains. For example, large companies such as Procter and Gamble or General Electric may use 50 to 100 different supply chains to bring their products to the market. There has been a great deal of interest recently in industry and academic in the subject of supply chain management. A company can identify its supply chain by first selecting a particular group of product family. Then it should trace the flow of materials and information from the final customer (end users) backward through the distribution system, to the manufacturer a nd then to the suppliers and the source of raw materials. This entire chain of activities and process is referred to s the supply chain for that product group or product family. A large company will have several supply chains. In a multi-divisional company with many product groups, there could be many different supply chains. For example, companies such as General electric or Procter and Gamble may use 50 to 100 different supply chains to bring their products to the market. Exhibit 1.2 illustrates the stages of a detergent supply chain. 2. Important of Supply chain Management Of late, supply chain management is gaining growing importance because of the following reasons : The total time for materials to travels through the entire supply chain can be quite long (say 6 months to one year or more). Since the materials spend so much time waiting in inventory at various stages in the supply chain, there is a great opportunity to reduce the total supply chain cycle time leading to a corresponding reduction in inventory, increased flexibility, reduced costs and better deliveries. Many companies have drastically improved their internal operations and now find it necessary to consider relations with external customers and suppliers in the supply chain to gain further improvements in their operations. Supply chain thinking is an application of systems thinking and provides a basis for understanding processes that cut across a companys internal department and processes that extend outside the company as well. The goals of supply chain management are to reduce uncertainty and risks in the supply chain, thereby positively affecting inventory levels, cycle time, processes and ultimately end-customer service levels. The focus is on system optimization. The design, planning and operation of a supply chain have a strong impact on overall profitability and success. Supply-chain management has become a hot competitive advantage as companies struggle to get the right stuff to the right place at the right time. All the Total quality Management, Just-in-Time system, Reengineering, Team work and Delighting the Customers depends on the relationships with suppliers and distributors who are part of the supply chain. Supply chain management includes transportation vendor, suppliers, distributors, banks, credit and cash transfers, bills payable and receivable, warehousing and inventory levels, order fulfillment and sharing customer, forecasting and production information. As firms strive to increase their competitiveness via produc t customisation, high quality, cost reductions and speed-to-market, they place added emphasis on supply chain management. Supply chain management builds a chain of suppliers that focus on both minimizing waste and maximizing value to the ultimate customer. The key to effective supply chain management is to make suppliers partners in the firms strategy to satisfy the ever-changing market place. 3. Supply Chains : A supply chain consists of all stages involved, directly or indirectly, in fulfilling a customers request. It not only includes the manufacturer and suppliers, but also transporters, warehouses, retailers and customers themselves. Within a manufacturing organization, the supply chain includes functions such as new product development, marketing, operations, distribution, finance and customer service. A supply chain is dynamic and involves the constant flow of information, product and funds between different stages. Each stage of the supply chain performs different processes and interacts with other stages of the supply chain. The primary purpose of the existence of any supply chain is to satisfy customer needs; in the process of generating profits for itself. Supply chain activities begin with a customer order and end when a satisfied customer has paid for his or her purchase. It is not necessary that only one player is involved at each stage of the supply chain. A manufacturer may receive material from several suppliers and then supply to several distributors. Therefore, most supply chains are actually networks and may be called as supply networks or supply webs describe the structure of supply chains. A typical supply chain may involve the following stages: Customers Retailers Wholesalers / Distributors Manufacturers and Component / raw material suppliers. 3.1 Objective of a Supply Chain : The objectives are : To maximize the overall value generated. The value a supply chain generates is the difference between what final product is worth to the customer and the effort the supply chain expends in filling the customers request. To achieve maximum supply chain profitability. Supply chain profitability is the total profit to be shared across all supply chain stages. To reduce the supply chain costs to the minimum possible level. Supply chain management involves the management of flows between and among stages in a supply chain to maximize total profitability. 3.2 Decision Phases in a Supply Chain The three decision phases in a supply chain are : Supply chain strategy or design Supply chain planning and Supply chain operation These three phases are briefly described in the following section. Supply Chain Strategy or Design : The company decides how to structure the supply chain during this phase. The Chains configuration and the processes each stage will perform are decided. Strategic or long-range decisions made by companies include (i) The location and capacities of production and warehousing facilities, (ii) Products to be manufactured or stored at various locations, (iii) Modes of transportation to be made available along different shipping legs and (iv) Type of information system to be utilized. The companys strategic objectives must be supported by its supply chain configuration. For instance, a companys decisions regarding the location and capacity of its manufacturing facilities, warehouses and supply sources are all supply chain design or strategic de cisions. Since these decisions are made for the long term, they are very expensive to be changed in the short term. Hence companies need to take into account uncertainty in anticipated market conditions over the next few year before they make supply chain design decisions. Supply Chain Planning : In this phase, companies define a set of operating policies that govern short-term operations. The configuration of supply chain determined in the previous phase establishes constraints within which planning must be carried out. The planning phase starts with a forecast for the coming year of demand in different markets. Supply chain planning includes decisions regarding the following: Which market to be served from which locations. The planned build up of inventories. The subcontracting of manufacturing The replacement and inventory policies to be followed. Policies regarding back up locations in case of a stock out and The timing and size of marketing promotions. P lanning establishes parameters within which a supply chain will function over a specified period of time. However it must be ensured that planning decisions consider the uncertainty in demand, exchange rates and competition over the planning horizon. Supply Chain Operations : During this phase, companies make decisions for the time horizon (weekly or daily) regarding individual customer orders. At this stage. The supply chain configuration is fixed and the planning policies already defined. The supply chain operation aims at implementing the operating policies in the best possible manner. Various activities involved in this phase are : (i) Allocating individual orders to inventory or production, (ii) Setting dates for fulfilling orders, (iii) Generating pick lists at a warehouse, (iv) Allocating an order to a particular shipping mode or shipment, (v) Getting delivery schedules of trucks and (vi) Placing replenishment orders. Because operational decisions are made in the short ter m, there is often less uncertainty about demand information. The design, planning and operation of a supply chain strongly affect the overall profitability and success of a firm. 4. Process view of Supply Chain Two different ways to view the process performed in a supply chain are. 1. Cycle view 2. The push-pull view 1. Cycle View : According to this view the processes in a supply chain are divided into a series of cycles, each performed at the interface between two successive stages of a supply chain. All supply chain processes can be broken down into the following four process cycles : (a) Customer order cycle, (b) Replacement cycle, (c) Manufacturing cycle and (d) Procurement cycle. Each cycle occurs at the interface between two successive stages of the supply chain. Exhibit 1.3 illustrates the four cycles and five supply chain stages. The four process cycles in the supply chain are briefly discussed in the following section : (i) Customer Order Cycle : This occurs at the customer / retailer interface and include customer arrival, customer order entry, customer order fulfillments and customer order receiving. Customer arrival refers to the customers visiting the lo cation (Supermarket or retail store) where he or she has access to his or her choices and make a decision regarding what to buy, how much to buy and so on. Customer order entry refers to customers telling the retailer what products they want to buy and the retailer allocating those products to customers. Customer order fulfillment refers to process by which the customer order is filled and sent to the customer. Customer order receiving refers to process by which customer receives what he has ordered and takes ownership of the products ordered. (ii) Replenishment Cycle : This occurs at the retailer / distributor interface nd includes all processes involved in replenishing inventory f the retailer. The processes involved in the replenishment cycle include : Retail order trigger, Retailer order entry, Retail order fulfillment and Retailer order receiving. Retail order Trigger : As and when the retailer fills customer order, inventory is depleted which must be replenished to meet future demand. The retailer devises a replenishment or ordering policy which triggers an order on the distributor so as to maximize profitability by balancing product availability and cost. Retail Order Entry : The retailer places the order with the distributor or manufacturer. The purpose of the retail entry process is to ensure that an order is entered accurately and conveyed quickly to all supply chain processes affected by the order. Retail Order Fulfillment : This is a process by which retail order is filled by the distributor or manufacturer. The objective is to get the replenishment order to the retailer on time while minimizing costs. Retail Order Receiving : When the replenishment order arrives at a retailer, the retailer must receive it physically, update all inventory records and settle all product from distributor to the retailer as well as information and financial flows. This process helps to update inventories and displays quickly at the lowest possi ble cost. (iii) Manufacturing Cycle : This occurs at the distributor / manufacturer interface and includes all posses involved in replenishing distributor (or retailer) inventory. The process involved in the manufacturing cycle include (a) Order arrival from the distributor, retailer or customer (b) Production scheduling, (c) Manufacturing and shipping and (d) Receiving at the distributor, retailer or customer. (iv) Procurement Cycle : This occurs at the manufacturer / supplier interface and includes all process necessary to ensure that materials are available for carrying out manufacturing as per the schedule. The manufacturer orders components from suppliers to replenish inventories. Component orders are based on the production schedule. 2. Push / Pull View of Supply Chain Process : All process in the supply chain fall into one of two categories : (i) Push processes and (ii) Pull processes. In pull processes, execution is initiated in response to a customer order. In push processes, execution is in anticipation of customer order. At the time of execution of a pull process, demand is known with certainty whereas at the time of execution of a push process demand is not known but forecasted. A Push / Pull view of the supply chain is useful when considering strategic decision relating to supply chain design. This view facilities a more global consideration of supply chain processes as they relate to a customer order. Pull processes may be regarded as reactive processes because they react to customer demand. Push processes may be regarded as speculative processes because they respond to forecast (speculative) demand rather than actual demand. The Push / Pull boundary in a supply chain helps to separate, push processes from pull processes. For example, in a computer manufacturing company manufacturing personal computers the beginning of assembly process represents the push/pull boundary. All processes carried out prior to assembly are push processes and all processes carried out after and including assembly are pull processes because they are initiated in response to a customer order. 5. Managing The Supply Chain Because supply chain management deals with the complete cycle of materials as they flow from suppliers to production to warehousing to distribution to the customer, there are many opportunities to enhance value. Some of these opportunities are : (i) Postponement : Postponement means delaying any modification or customization to the product as long as possible in the production process. For example, Hewlett-Packard (HP) examined the supply chain for its printer itself and into its power cord. Because of this, HP modified the printer, its power cord, its packaging and its documentation so that only the power cord and documentation needed to be added at the final distribution point. This modification allowed the firm to manufacture and hold centralized inventories of the basic printer for shipment as demand changed only the unique power system and documentation to be held in each country. This understanding of the entire supply chain reduced both risk and investment in inventory. (ii) Channel Assembly : Channel assembly is a variation of postponement. It sends individual components and modules, rather than finished products to the distributor. The distributor then assembles, tests and ships the product to the customers. Channel assembly treats distributors more as manufacturing partners than as distributors. With this strategy, finished goods inventory is reduced because units are built to a shorter, more accurate forecast. Many personal computer manufactures such as Dell, IBM, HP and Compaq have successfully demonstrated the low-cost and rapid-response advantages of the channel assembly. (iii) Drop Shipping and Special Packaging : Drop shipping means the supplier will ship directly to the end consumer, rather than to the seller, saving both time and shipping costs. Other cost saving measures include the use of special packaging, labels and optimal placement of labels and bar codes on containers. (iv) Blanket Orders : A blanket order is a contract to purchase certain items from a vendor. It is not authorization to ship anyting. Shipment environment, there is typically one supplier for all units of a particular product. Payment is made to the units supplied by the supplier without a formal request by the supplier for payment. (v) Invoiceless Purchasing : Invoiceless purchasing is an extension of good purchaser supplier relations. In an invoiceless purchasing environment, there is typically one supplier for all units of a particular product. Payment is made to the units supplied by the supplier without a formal request by the supplier for payment. (vi) Electronic Ordering and Funds Transfer : Transactions between firms are increasingly done via electronic data interchange (EDI) which is a standardized data transmittal format for computerized communications between organizations. (vii) Stockless Purchasing : Stockless purchasing means that the suppliers maintain inventory that is delivered directly to the purchasers usin g department rather than to a store for stocking and using later. (viii) Standardization : Standardisation means reducing the number of varieties in materials and components as an aid to cost reduction. (ix) Other Techniques : Under the umbrella of supply-chain management, a variety of techniques are included. They are : establishing lines of credit for suppliers reducing the time money is in transit co-ordinating production and shipping schedules with suppliers and distributors, sharing market research information and making optimal use of warehouse space.

Explain how own working practice can affect children and...

Explain how own working practice can affect children and young people’s development (CYP 3.2 -4.1) Introduction: As a practitioner it’s your duty to observe and maintain correct procedures to ensure that the children are offered a stimulating environment which will further allow optimum possibilities for development. All those who work with or amongst children and young people have a crucial role to play in helping not only to shape aspects of their lives, but to also aid in enhancing their future development. Therefore it can be stated that how we set up our own working practices can affect children and young people’s development, as will be identified by this essay; below are areas where one should concentrate in order to further†¦show more content†¦Effective observations/assessments POSITIVE: Carrying out effective observations which allow us to assess the development of children in order to improve or implement adequate plans for the needs of the children. Observations give the practitioner the power to assess the needs of the SEN children and therefore to adapt the activities best suited to the children (EYFS 3.1 PIP CARD). NEGATIVE: Not carrying out any observation could lead to inappropriate planning and hinder any development and also overlook any delay a child may have. Good communication POSITIVE: Maintaining good relations with Parents, Carers is an essential element in the healthy development of a child. This then enables the practitioner to understand the child more (i.e. how the child behaves at home and alternatively how the child behaves at school). Parents may be then able to voice any concerns they have with the practitioner and this will therefore result in a healthy parent – practitioner relationship allowing good communication which will aid in them both in aiding the child. Each communication technique needs to be varied for each child. NEGATIVE: Lack of communication may cause barriersShow MoreRelatedMuseum and Tourism25584 Words   |  103 PagesBIBLIOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 34 37 40 43 47 50 60 1 FOREWORD The work on this dissertation has taken almost one year, the origin of the idea can be traced back to June 2003 and later that summer I began my work as an intern at Gà ¶teborgs Stadsmuseum, focusing on the museum’s relationship with tourism. The more I got acquainted to the subject, the more interesting I found it and with the supportRead MoreMuseum and Tourism25591 Words   |  103 Pages 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 34 37 40 43 47 50 60 1 FOREWORD The work on this dissertation has taken almost one year, the origin of the idea can be traced back to June 2003 and later that summer I began my work as an intern at Gà ¶teborgs Stadsmuseum, focusing on the museum’s relationship with tourism. The more I got acquainted to the subject, the more interesting I found it and with the support

A World Class Education Ch 3 Free Essays

The bigger the change, it seems, the more difficult the task. Education is one of the most important things in a child’s life, so what happens when someone decides to present new challenges to our way of thinking? Vivian Stewart attempts to bring some very good points to light in chapter three of her book A World Class Education. Most successful systems tend to have the same basic elements when it comes to education. We will write a custom essay sample on A World Class Education Ch 3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Strong leadership with ambitious vision is necessary for a profitable future in American instruction. High quality teachers and administrators who focus on global and future orientated goals help guide their students toward a more equitable state. Teacher accountability is also extremely significant; the nation board standard number four states that teachers should strive to strengthen their skills as an educator and critically examine their practice in order to improve their performance. Lastly, teachers should always keep an open mind for the future and continuously learn new ways to develop curriculum. This relates to national standard number five. In physical science, students are required to manipulate mathematical equations in order to solve for a range of variables. Here in the United States, we use the English system as our standard for measurement: However, nearly everywhere else in the world, the metric system is used. I apply global orientation to my classroom by teaching my students the metric system and explaining why it is important for scientists to have the same system of measurement. We should be mindful of learning the way others do things and less consumed with the our own systems when we can all benefit from a unified structure. Stewart, V. (2012). A world-class education: learning from international models of excellence and innovation. Alexandria, Virginia: ASCD. How to cite A World Class Education Ch 3, Papers

Powder Puff free essay sample

My school stopped sponsoring the annual Powder-Puff game four years ago and now prohibits it from happening on the grounds. But that didn’t stop me. This was tradition. The senior and I girls took control. We hosted practice, made rules, and picked a location. My job was to make the Facebook group, schedule our practices, and design our shirts. But I was most stressed about making the shirts. What color do I pick? How many do I order? How should the design look? What if kids don’t pay? I solicited quotes, met with local print shops, and gathered feedback from my peers. My design had a football with â€Å"Powder-Puff 2013† on the front and â€Å"SENIORS† on the back with a â€Å"14† to represent our graduating class. The girls loved it. I posted color options to the Facebook page – and tie dye won the vote. My final task was to the collect money. We will write a custom essay sample on Powder Puff or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I gave everyone a week deadline. Nervousness crept in as the money didn’t. Then, on the last day, 90% of the money was received. Finally, I could relax. This experience was not life-changing, but it required leadership. I was the one who stepped up and took control. And handling a job like this made me realize how much work companies have to do for a single event. My peers were ecstatic about the game and shirts, and I felt proud after succeeding. In preparing to major in business and marketing, planning Powder-Puff was a way to put my skills to the test. Forty-three girls participated and 41 bought shirts. Experiences like these bring about growth, and I hope to have a lot more like them as a Hoosier.

Public Distribution System in India Essays

Public Distribution System in India Essays Public Distribution System in India Paper Public Distribution System in India Paper Public Distribution System is one of the important elements of Governments Foods Security System. Through PDS goverment facilitates the supply of food grains to the poor at subsidized rates. PDS involves management of supply of essential commodities at affordable prices to the identified beneficuaries. It also works as instrument for moderating the open market prices of food. Food security at each level of individual is the first requirement for a healthy and productive life.  The concept of PDS in India appeared during 1942 for the 1st time as a result of shortage of food grains during the 2nd world war. Consequently government started intervention in the release of food . rationing in India was started in 1939 in bombay by British government as a measure to ensure equitable distribution of food grains to the urban consumers in the face of rising prices. Due to rising inflationary pressure in the economy government had to reintroduced rationing in 1950. India retained public distribution system of food grains as a focused social policy in 1951. in the First Five Year Plan, the scope of PDS was broadened to cover all such areas which suffered from stable food shortages. However food production dropped in the year 1958 when the 2nd plan had just commenced. This factor forced the government to restart procuremetn of food grains and cereals and control on trading of food grains. Indias Food Security System with a network of 4. 8 lakhs fair price shops is the largest retail system of its type in the world. Since 1951 PDS is deliberate social policy with the objectives of : (i) Providing food grains and other essential items to vulnerable sections of the society at reasonable (subsidized) prices (ii) To put an indirect check on the open market prices of various items and (iii) To attempt socialization in the matter of distribution of essential commodities.   The history of PDS in India can be divided into four phases . The first phase was from its origin to 1960, a period when the system was extended to other cities. During this phase distribution of food was usually dependent on imports of food grain. The second phase from 1960 to 1978 introduced many organisational changes. Specially in response to the food crisis of the mid-1960, the goverment of India took a hoilstic approach to food security, procurement and storage. The third phase, from 1978 to 1991 was marked by large growth of PDS, supported by domestic procurement and storage. The fourth phase , from 1991 to present, is one in which policy of universal PDS has been replaced by a targeted policy in line with the objectives of liberlization. Thus, over the entire period, the PDS grew from a rationing scheme in selected cities to a national universal programme of food distribution and then to a policy targeted at the income-poor. The policy purpose is to produce available storage ability necessary for (i) buffer and ready stock of food grains to supply to the Public Distribution System and (ii) the public sector which are engaged in building large scale storage/ warehousing capacity, namely, Food Corporation of India (FCI), Central Warehousing Corporation (CWC) and 17 State Warehousing Corporations (SWCs). While the ability accessible with FCI is used mainly for storage of food grains, but CWC and SWCs is used for storage of food grains and also other notified commodities. The Warehousing (Development and Regulation) Act 2007 was enacted and notified in September 2007. dependence on the capacity under Cover and Plinth (CAP). There are three agencies in General Warehousing. The Act ensures that the farmers are able to keep their goods in certified warehouses and se warehouses receipt as a negotiable instrument. With the full execution of this Act, farmers would find it easy to take loans from commercial banks against negotiable warehouse receipts and not resort to distress sales to take care of their urgent cash needs. The Act has since been given effect to in September, 2010. A regulatory Authority namely Warehousing Development Regulatory Authority (WDRA) has been set up on 26. 10. 2010 under the Act to register and regulate warehouses issuing negotiable warehouse receipts and to implement other Provision of the Act. Food Procurement Policy Public Distribution System in India The stockpile of food grains available with the government agencies as on 1 July 2002 was 63. 01 million tonnes (mt) - ( 21. 94 mt of rice and 41. 07 mt of wheat). This was well above the prescribed buffer stock norms. While the changing demand patterns is one reason for the buildup of surplus food grains, another factor is the propensity of consecutive governments to fix minimum support prices (MSP) for paddy and wheat in excess of the levels prescribed by the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices Transportation and Storage: Transportation and storage from procurement centre to the regional depots is the responsibility of FCI. Transportation is generally arranged through private contractors. Lifting of grains from the regional depots to the issue centre is mainly the responsibility of the civil supplies corporation of the state government. From the issue centre to FPSs it is the responsibility of FPSs, except in state of Andhra Pradesh where the state government provides transportations . Proper storage of such large stocks is an important aspect of Public Distribution System (PDS). The main goal is to keep the cost down and to prevent deterioration in stocks. The various agencies are engaged in this process. But there is chances of corruption during the transportation as a case came into existence in Ambala district of Haryana state . A truck having 200 KT. heat as a part of AAY scheme under PDS was taking it in the open market to be sold was captured by the police. Hence there is possibility of corruption in PDS, if the transportation system is hired from private agencies. Goals of PDS The goal of PDS does not restrict itself with the distribution of rationed articles. Making available adequate quantities of essential articles at all times, in places accessible to all, at prices affordable to all and protection of th e weaker section of the population from the vicious spiral of rising prices is the broad spectrum of PDS. More specifically, the goals of PDS are: Make goods available to consumers, especially the disadvantaged / vulnerable sections of society at fair prices; Rectify the existing imbalances between the supply and demand for consumer goods; Check and prevent hoarding and black marketing in essential commodities; Ensure social justice in distribution of basic necessities of life; Even out fluctuations in prices and availability of mass consumption goods; and Support poverty-alleviation programmes, particularly, rural employment programmes, (SGRY/SGSY/IRDP/ Mid day meals, ICDS, DWCRA, SHGs and Food for Work and educational (feeding programmes). Problems: The problems of Public Distribution System have not been uniform in the country. In some states the administration is weak and corrupt. In these states deficiencies regarding huge shortage of stocks, fake supply entries in ration cards, diversion of commodities for sale to open market and bogus ration cards are noted. PDS suffers from irregular and poor quality of food grain made available through Fair Price Shops (FPS). The position in rural areas in this respect is much worse Public Distribution System in India than urban areas . The PDS in rural areas has not been given much attention. Most of the FPSs are economically non- viable which is The main reason for this low rate of commission. The storage facilities in India are not sufficient to cope with the problems. There is also a possibility of corruption at local level. The procurement system in India is not uniform. The distribution system of essential commodities is so meager that it can hardly suffice the need of a family. And even for this the consumers have to make repeated visits to the ration shops in their respective areas. Most of the times they come back empty handed with assurance that ration would be made available to them in the next week. The Challenges There are many systemic challenges that plague the PDS system today and the key ones are described below: 1. PDS Leakages The TPDS currently suffers from a number of issues that make it difficult for it to meet its objective of ensuring that the allotted quota of specified food articles reaches the intended underprivileged/needy segments of society: A large number of families living below the poverty line have not been enrolled and therefore do not have access to ration cards A number of bogus ration cards which do not correspond to real families, exist in the BPL AAY categories. Food drawn on the basis of these bogus cards is a significant leakage from the system, as it does not reach the intended beneficiaries. Additionally, these extra cards inflate the number of BPL and AAY cards in circulation and further reduce the amount of food available to every rightful beneficiary family. A number of instances where benefits are being availed in the names of rightfully entitled families without their knowledge. This shadow ownership is possible due to inefficiencies in ration card issuance and distribution Errors in categorization of families that lead to BPL families getting APL cards and vice versa. A significant portion of benefits provided to the APL category under the TPDS, are not availed by the intended beneficiaries and are instead diverted out of the system. In summary, targeting is not serving its real purpose, as the beneficiaries do not get food grains in accordance with their entitlements. Scale and Quality of Issue – The scale of issue and the quality of food grains delivered to the beneficiary is rarely in conformity with the policy. Many FPS are open only for a few days in a month and beneficiaries who do not visit the FPS on these days are denied their right. The FPS also use multiple excuses to both charge higher rates and deliver reduced quantity of food grains. There are also significant differences in the manner in which the Centre and States arrive at the number of BPL families. This mismatch usually means lower allotments for each family as states arrive at higher numbers of BPL families. As this problem may not go away even after reduction of duplicates, a standard way of doing this must be arrived at for each state to resolve this issue. System Transparency and Accountability –The most serious flaw plaguing the system at present is the lack of transparency and accountability in its functioning. The system lacks transparency and accountability at all levels making monitoring the system extremely difficult. Public Distribution System in India Grievance Redressal Mechanisms – There are numerous entities like Vigilance Committee, Anti-Hoarding Cells constituted to ensure smooth functioning of the PDS system. Their impact is virtually non-existent on the ground and as a result, malpractices abound to the great discomfiture of the common man. Apart from the challenges described, transportation of food grains and appointment of dealers of Fair Price Shops have also become difficult issues. Viability of the FPS is already a major concern and this would get amplified once PDS leakages are brought under control.

Battle of Thermopylae in the Persian Wars

Battle of Thermopylae in the Persian Wars The Battle of Thermopylae is believed to have been fought in August 480 BC, during the Persian Wars (499 BC-449 BC). Having been turned back at Marathon in 490 BC, Persian forces returned to Greece ten years later to avenge their defeat and conquer the peninsula. Responding, an alliance of Greek city-states, led by Athens and Sparta, assembled a fleet and an army to oppose the invaders. While the former engaged the Persians at Artemisium, the latter assumed a defensive position at the narrow Pass of Thermopylae. At Thermopylae, the Greeks blocked the pass and beat back Persian assaults for two days. On the third, the Persians were able to flank the Greek position after being a shown a mountain path by a Trachinian traitor named Ephialtes. While the bulk of the Greek army retreated, a force of 300 Spartans led by Leonidas I as well as 400 Thebans and 700 Thespians remained to cover the withdrawal. Attacked by the Persians, the Spartans and Thespians famously fought to the death. Advancing south after their victory, the Persians captured Athens before being defeated at Salamis that September. Background Having been turned back by the Greeks in 490 BC at the Battle of Marathon, the Persians elected to begin preparing a larger expedition to subjugate Greece. Initially planned by Emperor Darius I, the mission fell to his son Xerxes when he died in 486. Intended as a full-scale invasion, the task of assembling the necessary troops and supplies consumed several years. Marching from Asia Minor, Xerxes intended to bridge the Hellespont and advance on Greece through Thrace. The army was to be supported by a large fleet which would move along the coast. As a previous Persian fleet had been wrecked off Mount Athos, Xerxes intended to build a canal across the mountains isthmus. Learning of Persian intentions, the Greek city-states began making preparations for war. Though possessing a weak army, Athens commenced building a large fleet of triremes under the guidance of Themistocles. In 481, Xerxes demanded tribute from the Greeks in an effort to avoid war. This was refused and the Greeks met that fall to form an alliance of the city-states under the leadership of Athens and Sparta. United, this congress would have the power to dispatch troops to defend the region. Greek Plans With war nearing, the Greek congress met again in the spring of 480. In the discussions, the Thessalians recommended establishing a defensive position at the Vale of Tempe to block the Persians advance. This was vetoed after Alexander I of Macedon informed the group that the position could be flanked through the Sarantoporo Pass. Receiving news that Xerxes had crossed the Hellespont, a second strategy was put forward by Themistocles which called for making at stand at the pass of Thermopylae. A narrow passage, with a cliff on one side and the sea on the other, the pass was the gateway to southern Greece. Battle of Thermopylae Conflict: Persian Wars (499-449 BC)Dates: 480 BCArmies Commanders:PersiansXerxesMardoniusapprox. 70,000GreeksLeonidas IDemophilusThemistoclesapprox. 5,200-11,200 menCasualties:Greeks: approx. 4,000 (Herodotus)Persians: approx. 20,000 (Herodotus) The Greeks Move This approach was agreed to as it would negate the Persians overwhelming numerical superiority and the Greek fleet could provide support in the Straits of Artemisium. In August, word reached the Greeks that the Persian army was nearing. The timing proved problematic for the Spartans as it coincided with the feast of Carneia and the Olympic truce. Though the de facto leaders of the alliance, the Spartans were prohibited from engaging in military activity during these celebrations. Meeting, the leaders of Sparta decided that the situation was significantly urgent to dispatch troops under one of their kings, Leonidas. Moving north with 300 men from the royal guard, Leonidas gathered additional troops en route to Thermopylae. Arriving, he elected to establish a position at the middle gate where the pass was the narrowest and the Phocians had previously built a wall. Alerted that a mountain trail existed that could flank the position, Leonidas dispatched 1,000 Phocians to guard it. In mid-August, the Persian army was sighted across the Malian Gulf. Sending an emissary to negotiate with the Greeks, Xerxes offered freedom and better land in return for their obedience (Map). Fighting at the Pass Refusing this offer, the Greeks were then ordered to lay down their weapons. To this Leonidas reputedly replied, Come and get them. This reply made battle inevitable, though Xerxes took no action for four days. The constricted topography of Thermopylae was ideal for a defensive stand by the armored Greek hoplites as they could not be flanked and the more lightly armed Persians would be forced into a frontal assault. On the morning of the fifth day, Xerxes sent troops against Leonidas position with the goal of capturing the Allied army. Approaching, they had little choice but to attack the Greeks. Fighting in a tight phalanx in front of the Phocian wall, the Greeks inflicted massive losses on the attackers. As the Persians kept coming, Leonidas rotated units through the front to prevent fatigue. With the failure of the first assaults, Xerxes ordered an attack by his elite Immortals later in the day. Surging forward, they fared no better and were unable to move the Greeks. The next day, believing that the Greeks had been significantly weakened by their exertions, Xerxes attacked again. As on the first day, these efforts were turned back with heavy casualties. A Traitor Turns the Tide As a the second day was coming to a close, a Trachinian traitor named Ephialtes arrived in Xerxes camp and informed the Persian leader about the mountain trail around the pass. Taking advantage of this information, Xerxes ordered Hydarnes to take a large force, including the Immortals, on a flanking march over the trail. At daybreak on the third day, the Phocians guarding the path were stunned to see the advancing Persians. Attempting to make a stand, they formed on a nearby hill but were bypassed by Hydarnes. Alerted to the betrayal by a Phocian runner, Leonidas called a council of war. While most favored an immediate retreat, Leonidas decided to stay at the pass with his 300 Spartans. They were joined by 400 Thebans and 700 Thespians, while the remainder of the army fell back. While there are many theories regarding Leonidas choice, including the idea that Spartans never retreated, it was most likely a strategic decision as a rearguard was necessary to prevent the Persian cavalry from running down the retreating army. As the morning progressed, Xerxes began another frontal assault on the pass. Pushing forward, the Greeks met this attack at a wider point in the pass with the goal of inflicting maximum losses on the enemy. Fighting to the last, the battle saw Leonidas killed and the two sides struggle for his body. Increasingly overwhelmed, the surviving Greeks fell back behind the wall and made a last stand on a small hill. While the Thebans ultimately surrendered, the other Greeks fought to the death. With the elimination of Leonidas remaining force, the Persians claimed the pass and opened the road into southern Greece. Aftermath Casualties for the Battle of Thermopylae are not known with any certainty, but may have been as high as 20,000 for the Persians and around 2,000-4,000 for the Greeks. With the defeat on land, the Greek fleet withdrew south after the Battle of Artemisium. As the Persians advanced south, capturing Athens, the remaining Greek troops began fortifying the Isthmus of Corinth with the fleet in support. In September, Themistocles succeeded in winning a critical naval victory at the Battle of Salamis which forced the bulk of Persian troops to withdraw back to Asia. The invasion was brought to an end the following year after the Greek victory at the Battle of Plataea. One of the most famous battles of this time period, the story of Thermopylae has been recounted in numerous books and films through the years.

Assessment on a book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assessment on a book - Essay Example ays to make People like You, Twelve Ways to Win People to Your Way of Thinking, Be a leader: How to Change People Without Giving Offense or Arousing Resentment, Letters that Produced Miraculous Results and Seven Rules for Making Your Home Life Happier (Carnegie). Each section of the book plays an integral role in making individual win friends and become an influential person in the society. The aspects highlighted in this book will be essential in my college life, since in the next semester, I will apply all the laid down stipulations that will make me a darling of the people. I will not be criticizing, condemning or complaining about each and every situation in my college life. As a result, I will be giving honest and sincere gratitude to every individual who does positive things in my life. I will not be an isolated individual since I will develop a genuine interest in my fellow students. I will continuously be smiling, because as Professor James V. McConnell, a psychologist at Michigan University Psychologist once remarked, â€Å"people who smile tend to manage, teach and sell more effectively, and to raise happier children. There is far much information in a smile than in a frown† (Carnegie 64). Similarly, I will encourage my fellow students to talk about themselves and will be a good listener, since I will be talking less, and when I talk, it is channeled towards other individuals’ interests, since I will be making them feel important. I will let the other party do much of the talking, as this will make them think the idea is theirs. I will ensure that I avoid arguments since I will be respecting opinions of other people. When I am wrong, I will quickly admit it, and never tell my fellow students that they are wrong. In this regard, I will be able to win other students into my way of thinking (Carnegie 89). In depicting leadership qualities, I will be able to start every conversation with praising and appreciating other individuals. I will also ensure that

Journal Review Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journal Review - Article Example The identification of these profiles are said to help career counselors in assisting their clients in developing career plans The population consisted of lawyers and computer field men. The samples consisted of 213 workers aged 20-50 years in the computer software and hardware field, specifically 126 men and 87 women. They were from five computer companies and four private law firms in the Tel Aviv area. The vast majority were said to report that they belonged to the upper- middle socioeconomic class. The researchers used cluster analysis and had identified three groups of individuals who differed systematically on attributions of relative importance to work and family roles. The report, however, did not mention about the exact sample size taken from what could have been the population; neither was the response rate reported. The findings reported were that there are three distinct groups of participants who differ systematically in their attributions of importance to work and to family roles and in their significant family- and work-related variables. The research also said that incompatible pressures from the work and family domains have predictably different influences on diverse groups of people characterized by the importance they attribute to life roles. Ad... Additional findings point out that support from the spouse and support from the manager was associated with positive influences between the domains. Differences in attribution to work or family were also related to variation in work and family variables such as hours invested in paid work and the receipt of spousal support. The researchers also said that the research demonstrated that the level of W3F (Work, Work, Work, Family) conflict is higher than the level of F3W (Family, Family, Family, Work) conflict even among dual profile members. The research said that apparently the family domain is more susceptible to interference from work than is the work domain from the family. Do the sampling procedures used justify the findings of the study The findings may boast of having used the most sophisticated forms of analysis, but the sampling procedures have to equal such meticulous care. As earlier mentioned, the report did not mention the exact population size; therefore there is no way to size up the sample and the response rate. On account of this, it is now moot to be debating with the findings and how they were presented. Even then, the study analyzed the responses of married persons only, but it was not explained why. In fact, it had eliminated 29 questionnaires due to respondents' non-married status. What is true, however, is that there are married persons who can be said to enjoy lesser stress because of support in their home functions, while there are singles who are heavily bound with home chores. Clearly, civil status is not an adequate measure for presence or absence of possible stress, hence, the study should have explained its preference for married people. It is possible to be non-married and yet be a parent. Utilized by the

SLA: Language Acquisition Vs Learning

SLA: Language Acquisition Vs Learning Bilingualism 10/1/17 Introduction to Bilingualism During this lecture, I learned the definition and the importance of bilingualism. Throughout the years, the definition of bilingualism has changed slowly from possesses native-like control of two or more languages (Bloomfield, 1933) to operates in two languages on a daily basis (David, 1999, pg 157). As well as this, I also came to realise that there are a number of interconnected issues that affect bilingualism such as race, power, society, and culture. This interested me because I did not realise how much in the world affects bilingualism and how all of these issues are interconnected. For example, if a family are racist and have strong political views against immigrants, they are less likely to support bilingualism and their child/children are less likely to be open to learning a new language due to their parents views. Learning about bilingualism and understanding the importance of it will help me in my role as a teacher as it will help me to make bilingual children feel more com fortable and welcome in my classroom[A1]. In this lecture, we were put into groups and given a scenario about a bilingual child coming into the school. In the group that I was part of, our scenario was a young Spanish girl coming into primary 2. In our group, we discussed the importance of making this child feel welcome and ensuring that she understood what was going. To begin with, we thought that asking the child if she feels comfortable enough to share her background with class would be a good way to show her that as her teacher, I am interested in where she has come from while at the same establishing the level of English the child understands and can utilize. We also thought that having, for example, the colours up on a wall display in both English and Spanish would help the child to differentiate between both languages and get used to the English whilst still having the comfort of her first language. Using the Learning in 2+ Languages (2005) document during this lecture made me realise how important bilingualism is and how beneficial it can be for both young children and adults. I learned that bilingualism does not delay a childs cognitive development like some believe but brings a number of cognitive advantages such as a greater creative potential and a greater awareness of how languages operate. 17/1/17 Second Language Acquisition: Language Acquisition Vs Learning Throughout this session, I was introduced to a number of different hypotheses, and their criticisms, surrounding how a person acquires / learns a different language. According to Krashens Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis (1982) there are two distinct processes to learning a language: Acquisition or acquiring a language and Learning a language. Acquiring a language refers to the passive process of obtaining the subtleties of a language through natural learning however learning a language refers to the active process in which learners become aware of the rules of the language they are trying to learn. However, McLaughlin (1978) states that this theory is impossible to prove. This interested me as I had never realised that there was a belief that acquiring and learning a language were two different processes. Reflecting back to my own experiences of learning a language[A2], I was always taught the rules and grammar of language rather than acquiring it through natural processes therefore, in my own opinion, I believe that they are definitely two separate processes but I also believe that these are closely inter-connected. For me, the most interesting hypothesis that we were introduced to in this lecture was The Affective Filter Hypothesis. This is the idea that emotional variables can have an effect and prevent someone from learning a language. These include motivation, self-confidence, and anxiety. The lower the affective filter, the more language the student will acquire. This shows that a child with low self-confidence may not pick up a language as easily as a child with high self-confidence. According to the ONS Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey (2004), 2.2% or about 96,000 children have an anxiety disorder. This shows that most likely, teachers will be faced with the challenge of trying to teach a language to a child who cannot acquire it as easily as the other children in the class. However, Krashen claims[A3] that children do not have the same affective filter as adults but also experience differences related to the affective filters. An affective filter only accounts for individual var iation in language acquisition, it cannot be applied to all children. As well as this, we also looked at the Count Us In A Sense of Belonging (2009) which highlighted the importance of improving the learning of some pupils. As well as this, the document made me aware of the shift in patters of migration, especially since 2004. Due to easier access and cheaper travel, the number of immigrants coming to Scotland has increased dramatically. Many of those immigrating to Scotland bring with them young children who have to be put into the schooling system. This Count Us In document emphasises the importance of teachers in supporting newly-arrived children and ensuring that they can access the curriculum. As a trainee primary teacher, this is extremely important to me as children must be able to access the curriculum in order to learn and succeed. 24/1/17 Language and Society Watching Jane Elliots experiments in prejudice both shocked me and intrigued me. The method that she uses to teach the children about discrimination is both effective and intriguing but it is also very wrong. However, this experiment took place in the 1960s therefore even though it is wrong in the current educational context, it may not have been as wrong then. By telling the children one day that the blue eyed people were better than the brown eyed people, it changed their attitudes towards each other drastically and even resulted in some children being aggressive to one another. As soon as the teacher mentions that the people with blue eyes are better and more superior than the children with brown eyes, the brown eyed children look upset and shocked whereas the blue eyed children think it is funny and they are excited. Jane Elliot forces the brown eyed children to wear collars and doesnt allow them to play on any of the playground equipment. She gives the blue eyed children special privileges and they take full advantage of these. In the reverse situation, the blue eyed children become upset and come to realise how the brown eyed children felt the day before. As well as this, we see that when the children are given privileges and are treated as superior, they do their work quicker and their learning is improved. At the end of this day, th e children all come back together and discuss how being discriminated against made them feel. One child described it as feeling like a dog on a leash. Many of the children came to realise that being discriminated against for something that you cannot control is one of the worst feelings and that no one should be discriminated against. This experiment made me realise that in my role as a primary teacher, it is essential to teach my pupils the importance of respecting everyone and treating everyone the same. Tomlinson (2005, pg 154) states that Failure to develop a curriculum for a multiethnic society has contributed to an increase in xenophobia and racism. This made me believe that equality is something that children need to become aware of at a young age and it is part of my job to make them aware of it. If, for example, a child of another race came into my classroom, my job would be to ensure that all the children in my classroom were respectful and did not treat them any different just because of the colour of their skin. While this experiment made me realise all of this, it also made me realise that when in a classroom, treating children differently can have a massive effect on their attitudes to one another therefore teachers need to be careful[A4]. 31/01/17 The Scottish Context The number of families immigrating to Scotland has increased throughout the years and, particularly in 2004, the number of immigrants that came to Scotland increased considerably (Count Us In, pg 2). During this lecture, we examined the statistics of both immigration and the number of immigrant children moving into new schools. For me as a developing primary teacher, it was interesting to see how the number of immigrants coming to Scotland affected the schooling statistics. The reasons that people move to another country can vary drastically. Many move for family reasons or new careers whereas others move because they want a place of safety. Immigration has a huge impact on both Scottish society and schools. As a society, we have to be more welcoming as a whole as well as just in the communities where the immigrants move to. Showing respect to all families and becoming aware of what some of these families will face every day is essential. When a family immigrate to Scotland and put their child(ren) into a school, it affects the school sector[A5]. As primary teachers, we must think about bilingualism and become aware of diversity. Inside the classroom, we have to ensure that the child is comfortable and understands what is going on at all times as it is our responsibility to make sure that they do not fall behind on the work and are learning. In my role as a primary teacher, it is important for me to expose children to a second language at a young age as this is the best window of opportunity and is more likely to lead the child to become bilingual than exposure to a second language in teenage or adult years. Many parents believe that they should not introduce a second language until they have fully established one language however it is more difficult to introduce a second language later on. As well as this, introducing a second language later on makes it difficult for parents to interact with this language and use it around the house. According to the Count Us In A Sense of Belonging document, a child learning a second language can benefit from a number of cognitive advantages that are associated with bilingualism. 14/02/17 Language and Identity The people that we spend the most time with have the biggest influence on our language and our identity. According to Baker (2006, pg 136) [A6]we construct our identities yet they are created and confined by other people, situations and influences on us. Everyone forms multiple social identities depending on the group and interactions with other people. Learning a second language is affected by our interactions with others and helps us to find a voice within a social group. As well as this, it is more than just gaining vocabulary and grammar, it is about being believed and being respected as language says things about our values and knowledge. There are many layers to our language and when we first learn to speak, we speak in the same ways as those around us. Introducing a second language at this stage can encourage a child to acquire the language quicker while learning it alongside their first language. During this lecture, we discussed the issues around age and second language acquisition. Younger learners are neither more nor less successful in second language acquisition than older learners however children who learn a second language in child do tend to achieve higher capability levels than those who begin after childhood. Even though length of exposure is an important factor in learning a second language, in a formal classroom setting, older learners tend to learn quicker than younger learners do.   In the early years, second language acquisition is dependent on the teacher providing suitable materials and resources to children and ensuring that learning is enjoyable. As a primary teacher, it is important to make learning a second language more enjoyable for my pupils through resources such as songs etc. By doing so, they are more likely to remember what I have taught them and they are more likely to be engaged in the lesson. 28/02/17 Supporting Bilingual Learners in the Classroom (1) Meeting the needs and supporting bilingual children is an essential role for a primary teacher. When a bilingual child first comes into a teachers classroom, it is important for you to find them a buddy that they can talk to, or if they are not comfortable talking, just listen to. This not only benefits the bilingual child, but there are also cognitive benefits for monolingual learners who work with bilingual learners and good practice for bilingual learners is good practice for all learners. In my role as a primary teacher, I need to ensure that I am supporting bilingual learners at all times as well as supporting all other children in my classroom. It is important to ensure that everyone in the classroom knows what is happening throughout[A7] every lesson. Cummins (1976) refers to The Threshold Theory which describes the relationship between cognition and the level of bilingualism. The theory is represented as a house which has three floors and two linguistic ladders, representing L1 and L2, on each side. The further up they are on the ladders and floors, the greater chance the children have of being bilingual and obtaining cognitive advantages. As well as this, Cummins (1980, 1981) uses an Iceberg Analogy and describes a common underlying proficiency between the first language (L1) and the second language (L2). Cummins explains that when using two or more languages, there is a common source where ideas come from meaning that individuals can use two or more language with ease. Listening, reading, speaking and writing in the L1 or L2 helps to develop the cognitive system however the language that the learner uses must be well developed in order to be able to process the cognitive challenges of the classroom. Towards the end of this lecture, we focused on discussing the importance of supporting the development of English as an additional language (EAL) in the classroom. New arrivals must feel welcomed and be placed in an appropriate group based on their age and ability meaning that the school and class teacher must take into account the childs previous education background. By carefully placing the child into an appropriate group, the teacher can carefully monitor them and take account of the advantages of collaborative learning. Class tasks must be appropriately planned and appropriately scaffolded to support EAL learners. Supporting beginners in English is essential and there are a number of strategies which can be used to help these children. For example, composing sentence halves to be matched or creating gaps in sentences to be filled. As previously mentioned, good practice for bilingual children is good practice for all children therefore activities like this not only help EAL learn ers but also help all other children in the classroom. Pairing a child who has a good grasp of the English language with an EAL learner can help when these activities take place as they can help the EAL learner to understand how the sentences work and why the halves go together if they do not fully grasp the concept. [A8] References Baker, C. (2011) Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. 5th Ed. McNaughton Gunn; USA Baker, C. (2006) Foundation of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 4th ed. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Bloomfield, L. (1933) Language. Holt; New York Cummins, J. (1976) The Influence of Bilingualism on Cognitive Growth: A Synthesis of Research Findings and Explanatory Hypotheses. Working Papers on Bilingualism, No. 9. David, T. (1999) Young Children Learning. Bilingual Children in a Monolingual Society. Sage: London Her Majestys Inspectorate of Education (2009) Count us in: A Sense of Belonging Meeting the Needs of Children and Young People Newly Arrived in Scotland. [Online] Available: http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/Images/cuimnnus_tcm4-618947.pdf [Accessed: 17/1/17]. Learning and Teaching Scotland (LTScotland). 2005. Learning in 2(+) languages. Ensuring effective inclusion for bilingual learners. Good practice for teachers, educational establishments and local authorities. Dundee: LTScotland. ONS Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey (2004) Accessed : http://www.youngminds.org.uk/training_services/policy/mental_health_statistics [Date Accessed: 17/1/17] Tomlinson, S. (2005b) Race, Ethnicity and Education under New Labour, Oxford, inOxford Review of Education Vol. 31, No. 1, March 2005, pp. 153-171 [A1]Good point [A2]good [A3](ibid.)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦? [A4]Good commentary [A5]How/in what way(s)? [A6] [A7]And why? [A8]Well written and fluent; make sure that all LOs can be covered by your choice of journal entries: we will discuss ICT Support in Business: Cisco Case Study ICT Support in Business: Cisco Case Study Ting Cheuk Sze Topic: How do you think ICT / Information System infrastructure and IT strategy at Cisco is supporting the business? (1451words) A) A short summary of Nolans (1973) stages of growth model Nolan describes a learning curve in the development of data processing in 1974 Harvard Business Review. Nolan believes that organizations need to understand the growth characteristics associated with each stage of development. Understanding this curve is conducive to help organizations effective implementation of information technology. The first version consisted the stages of initiation, Contagion, Control, Integration. It eventually expanded to six stages in 1979, which include Data administration and Maturity. Nolans main content of the stage model: Stage I, Initiation The organisation introduces computer system to increase its competitiveness. Data processing costs are lack of control, the establishment of information systems often do not pay attention to economic efficiency in this stage. Stage II, Contagion Information technology applications began to spread in the organisation. The organisation managers began to pay attention to the economic benefits of information systems investment, but the real control does not exist. Stage III, Control The management information system became a formal department to control its internal activities and launched a project management plan and a system development methodology. The current application began to formal, and lay the foundation for the future development of information systems. Stage IV, Integration Organizations began to use databases and telematics technologies to consolidate existing information systems. Which is the stage that previous systems are integrated with the newer systems. Stage V, Data administration The organization begins to examine and evaluate the various costs and benefits of information system construction, and analyzes and resolves issues of balance and coordination in all areas of information systems investment. Stage VI, Maturity At this stage, the information system can meet the needs of enterprises at all levels. the enterprise will integrate the management process together with the internal and external resources, thus enhancing the competitiveness and development potential of the enterprise. B) Apply Nolans Stage of Growth Model (1973) in Cisco case In this essay, I will discuss the Cisco case by using Nolan model stage by stage and show how Cisco was following the Nolan model during the system develop process. Moreover, discuss about the problem when Cisco tried to process to the next stage. For the Cisco case, I will focus on the first version of Nolans Stage of Growth Model (1973) as the essay question require, which is only consider four stages, Initiation, Contagion, Control and Integration stages. Moreover, the fifth stage will be discussed which because it may appropriate in the Cisco case, which is Data administration stage. I will not discuss about the sixth stage. In my view, Cisco had not process to the sixth stage form the case study(2004). Cisco is one of the example can be explain by Nolans Stages of Growth Model. Nolans (1973) stages of growth model framework is appropriate in the Cisco development process because they are similar which Cisco development process is also following the stage that mention in Nolans model. The model summarises the experiences and law of development of management information systems. It is generally assumed that the phases in the model are not jumpable, because the organization needs some experience before preparing for the next phase of work. The development process in Cisco is almost same as the Nolans model. its basic idea for the construction of management information system is instructive. In-depth understanding of Nolan model may help organisations more effectively manage the process. Although these phases contain some natural growth processes, these growth processes can be effectively coordinated and managed, so that each stage represents a change in the order of planning and manag ement. The first two stages: Initiation and Contagion Cisco was already experience first two stage before Peter Solvik joined Cisco as its CIO in 1993.1984, Cisco Systems was founded in the United States, the founders are two computer scientists from Stanford University. Computer was introduced when the company was founded. Computer is a necessary equipment for the company because the products and computer are complement in the production line. However, there were only a few individuals can use the computer, for example, the two computer scientist founders. After the expansion of Cisco, Enterprises had a certain understanding of the computer. They would like to use computers to solve problems at work, such as more data processing, management and business to bring convenience. Thus, the application began to increase demand, IT applications began to generate interest in enterprises, and the development of software enthusiasm, investment began to increase significantly. It is easy to blindly purchase, blind development of custom software p henomenon, the lack of planning and planning, so the application level is not high, the overall effectiveness of IT cannot be highlighted as Nolan (1974) has been discussed on his paper. Until Peter Solvik joined Cisco, he recognized the problem from the second stage(Contagion), such as data redundancy, data inconsistency, and the date was hard to share. Business managers realized that the use of computers applications was out of control, IT investment growth was fast, but the benefits were not satisfactory. He tried to begin to control the overall development of computer systems, such as the reorganize the IT budget planning, replaced committee and change the reporting relationship. However, Cisco was still stunning in the beginning of the third stage. The third stage: Control Boston joined Cisco as a new CIO after Solvik left in 2001. He finds that there is an ineffectiveness investment on the customized tools. There were nine different tools to access the customer order which create multiple data and different definition on explanation with the order. He thought the conflicts and redundancies is occur because there were not centralized team checking for the company systems which lead to a rise of unnecessary tools. As Nolan (1974) discuss, for the need to control the cost of data processing, managers began to convene users from different sectors of the Committee, to jointly plan the development of information systems. The management information system became a formal department to control its internal activities and launched a project management plan and a system development methodology. The current application began to formal, and lay the foundation for the future development of information systems. In the Cisco case, Boston stopped the investment of th e new tools applications and upgraded its ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) system, solving the reporting and intelligence problem and developing its customer database. The fourth stage: Integration Boston also focused on funding IT project. It makes the company process to the fourth stage, which is Integration stage. Organizations from the management of computer management information resources. From the first stage to the third stage, usually a lot of independent entities. Based on control, enterprises began to re-planning and design, the establishment of basic database, and build a unified information management system. Enterprise IT construction began by the scattered and single-point development into a system. At this point, corporate executives began unified different enterprise IT organizations systems into a single system for management. People, financial, material and other resources can be integrated in the enterprise sharing, lead to more effective use of existing IT systems and resources. Nolan recognized such integration costs will be higher, longer, and the system is more unstable. However, Cisco did not in the case. Boston encouraged his team being carefully in th e enterprise project, tried to reduce the multiple data and different definitions of the order problem to avoid the future large scale of cleanups. It was because it will increase the unnecessary spending if it is useless. The fifth stage: Data administration In this stage, the organization began a comprehensive study and evaluation of the various costs and benefits of information system construction. The challenges had occurred in Cisco, the process of funding budget in a pool from different groups across the world is complex. It is hard to show the benefit of the new enterprise project to every group. Boston started to consider about the communication between the group on order to increase efficacy when starting a new project. This stage, enterprises began to select a unified database platform, data management system and information management platform, unified data management and use of various departments, the basic realization of the system integration of resources, information sharing. IT system planning and resource utilization more efficient. Conclusion Nolan stage model summarizes the experiences and rules of management information system development, and its basic idea has guiding significance for the construction of management information system.it can be apply in the Cisco case. Nolans (1973) stages of growth model framework is appropriate in the Cisco development process because they are similar which Cisco development process is also following the stage that mention in Nolans model. Cisco was experience from the first stage when it has been founded in 1984 and continue to the fifth stage in 2004. (1451 words) Bibliography Andrew Mcafee, F. Warren Mcfarlan, Alison Berkley wagonfeld (2004) ,Enterprise IT at Cisco. Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163. Nonna, Richard. Managing The Crisis In Data Processing. Harvard Business Review. 57 (2): 115-126. Nolan, Richard (1973). Managing The Computer Resource: A Stage Hypothesis. Communications of the ACM. 16 (4): 399-405

“Complete, trusting surrender to God” Essay

Although the Qur’an, its sacred text, was only revealed to their Prophet Muhammad more than five centuries after the death of Christ, Muslims trace the beginnings of Islam to the time of Abraham. According to them, the series of revelations of the Qur’an which started in 610 CE in a cave in Mount Hira, Mecca, Saudi Arabia, marked only the renaissance of a religion which sank into insignificance when the people of Mecca rejected the monotheism preached by Abraham. The Islamic claim further states that being the original religion, it provided the foundations for the development of Judaism and Christianity. (Fisher. 2005. Islam) Since the time of the first revelation in Mount Hira, Islam has rapidly grown to become the second-largest religious denomination in the world, next only to Christianity, claiming a following of almost twenty percent of the world’s population. However, its growth has been temporarily slowed down, particularly in the United States, by the effects of the American war against terrorism which is evidently directed against Muslims. This U. S. -orchestrated anti-terrorism war, coupled with the dearth of knowledge about Islam, has severely alienated the Muslims from the rest of the non-Muslim world. (Fisher. 2005. Islam) Yusuf (n. d. ) said that majority of the Muslims are convinced that while the U. S. government has been blaming terrorism on Islam for years, it was the 9/11 incident which dealt the most telling blow on the credibility and reputation of their religion. This was because the international media was able to depict that many Muslims around the world rejoiced after that incident. The truth is, however, that majority of the Muslim world was saddened by that incident and the repercussions it caused. They would like to tell the world that terrorism is not an official policy of Islam and that, in fact, Muslims also consider terrorists as enemies of their religion. He laments the fact that When a crazy Christian does something terrible, everyone in the West knows it is the actions of a mad man because they have some knowledge of the core beliefs and ethics of Christianity. When a mad Muslim does something evil or foolish they assume it is from the religion of Islam, not because they hate us but because they have never been told by a Muslim what the teachings of Islam are all about. Muslims are also complaining about the way non-Muslims always confuse them with Arabs. According to them, while most Arabs are Muslims, less than 20% of Muslims have Arab blood. (Almuslimin. org) Allah is the only authority of this religion. Muhammad was only the messenger and prophet with whom he entrusted the sacred texts called the Qur’an in a series of revelations and who, three years after the first revelation occurred, preached them to the people according to his instruction and his will. However, Muhammad was the role model for all Muslims. His life story and his sayings were saved in the Hadith for every Muslim to learn from and emulate. The central teachings of Islam are oneness of God and of humanity; prophethood and the compass of Islam; human relationship to the divine; belief in the unseen life; and belief in the Last Judgment. (Fisher, 2005. Islam) Islam teaches that there is only one God. This is why the first words spoken to a Muslim infant are the words of the Shahadah – â€Å"la ilaha ill-Allah Muhammad-un Rasulu-llah† (â€Å"There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God†). God may be called by many names, but all the attributes assigned to those different names make up the totality of the One God. They contend that there must be absolute unity among all men of all races because they are all brothers under the one God, and no one race should consider itself the chosen race. Islam teaches that the individual should be one with God, therefore his or her thoughts and deeds should always be inspired by God. This oneness of God and of humanity was very emphatically expressed by Abu Hashim Madami, an Indian Sufi sage, when he said that â€Å"There is only one thing to be gained in life, and that is to remember God with each breath; and there is only one loss in life, and that is the breath drawn without the remembrance of God. † (Fisher. 2005. Islam, p. 373) All the prophets from Abraham to Jesus Christ are honored, but they maintain that Muhammad was the last prophet sent by God with the final message. This means, therefore, that the Qur’an sums up all the messages from God so Islam should include all religions, including Christianity and Judaism which also trace their roots to Abraham. They believe that God created the universe for a purpose and set down laws to govern everything. For this reason, man could live in peace only if he recognizes these laws and abide by them. They accept the existence of the angels, especially Gabriel, whom they credit with bringing the messages of God. They believe that Satan exists just as they believe that there are saints. For them, the Last Judgment means that dead Muslims are allowed some rest before being raised from the grave for the final reckoning, after which the sinners and the unbelievers are sent to hell. (Fisher. 2005. Islam) Their basic practices consist of what they call the Five Pillars of Islam, namely: Beliefs and witness; Daily prayers; Zakat; Fasting; and Hajj. Every Muslim, without resorting to the use of force or intimidation, are obliged to spread the words of Islam so that other people may know about it, understand it, and use the knowledge to guide them in choosing their faith. Prayers should be recited five times a day while facing the direction of Mecca. It is believed that requiring every Muslim to face Mecca symbolizes unity among the devotees of Islam around the world, while the daily prayer emphasizes Islam’s teaching that every Muslim should remember God everyday of his or her life. Zakat, the third pillar, means â€Å"spiritual tithing and almsgiving. † Muslims are enjoined to help the poor by donating part of their annual income to charities of their choice. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, for example, channels its contribution through the Islamic Relief Organization which aids people around the world regardless of their religion. Every year, the first Qur’anic revelation is celebrated with a month-long fasting called Ramadan. All able Muslims are required to abstain from â€Å"food, drink, sexual intercourse, and smoking† from dawn to dusk. Although fasting during Ramadan is an obligation, fasting, per se, is advised from time to time because it provides an individual with â€Å"a Transparent Soul to Transcend, a Clear Mind to think and a Light Body to move and act. † The last Pillar – the hajj – is a pilgrimage which is expected of every Muslim who is financially and physically capable even only once during their lifetime. Their pilgrimage destination is Mecca, where their holiest sanctuary, the Ka’bah, is located. (Fisher. 2005. Islam) Muhammad, whose name was taken from the Arabic word hamada which means â€Å"to praise, to glorify,† was born in Mecca, Western Arabia, in 570 CE to Abd bin Al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. (Kikim Media. n. d. ) His parents were believed to be descendants of Abraham and Hagar, the Egyptian slave who mothered Abraham’s son, Ishmael. The story goes that Abraham fled to Mecca with Hagar and Ishmael after his wife, Sarah, also gave birth to a baby boy (Isaac) and became extremely jealous of Hagar and Ishmael. Abraham later built the Ka’bah, Islam’s holiest sanctuary and now the destination of pilgrims during the hajj, in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, with the assistance of his son, Ishmael. (Fisher. 2005. Islam) The birth, life, and death of Muhammad impacted the world of Islam differently. His birth in 570 CE also signaled the rebirth of Islam which sank into obscurity for centuries when the people of Mecca rejected Abraham’s monotheistic Qur’an religion. His life as a preacher which began three years after the start of the revelations resulted to a rejuvenated Muslim world. The flight of the Muslims to Medina (or the hijrah) which he orchestrated in order for them to escape persecution from the hands of the Qurayshites of Mecca was what strengthened Islam as soon as they had settled in Medina. This later enabled them to raise a strong army to capture Mecca from the Qurayshites. However, while he re-established Mecca as the holy sanctuary of Islam, Muhammad himself chose to live in Medina. While his birth signaled the rebirth of Islam and his life rejuvenated their religion, his death in 632 CE in Medina caused a split in the Muslim world between what we now call the Shi’a and Sunni Muslims because of the issue of succession. Most of the surviving Muslims believed that although Muhammad was able to tell his followers what to do after his death, he failed to appoint his successor. Thus, the majority decided to settle the issue of succession by election. However, there was a minority group who insisted that it was not true that Muhammad did not name his successor because of a report that some weeks before he died, Muhammad held his son-in-law ‘Ali’s hand and uttered the following words: â€Å"Whoever I protect, ‘Ali is also his protector. O God, be a friend to whoever is his friend and an enemy to whoever is his enemy. † (Fisher. 2005. Islam, p. 380) The issue of succession was ultimately decided according to the wishes of the majority – by election – but the two factions have never reconciled up to this day. The Shi’a Muslims now form the majority faction in Iran, while the Sunnis are the majority in â€Å"Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Turkey, northern African countries, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Central Asian countries of the former Soviet Union, and Indonesia. † (page 378) Their place of worship is called a mosque. When I interviewed Bonsan Go, a student from Indonesia, he described a basic mosque as A square building with a small box-type space in front which serves as an extension. It has a dome on the center-top of the main building and a turret or a small ornamented tower or a tower-shaped projection on another building. Inside, you will fine a division (usually a length of fabric) which separates men from the women. There are no tables, chairs, or figurines inside the mosque. I thought, maybe, Mr. Go described a traditional mosque which used to be an Islamic architecture with a dome and one or two minarets. However, the more recent ones especially those constructed in the United States have chosen to go without the dome and the minarets. The more modern mosques have also done away with the curtain-like division which separates the men from the women. I have located one such mosque in Urbana, Illinois. A photo of this mosque is shown below: This is the Central Illinois Mosque and Islamic Center at 106 S. Lincoln, Urbana, Illinois. It is unmistakably an Islamic architecture with the arches found in front, but without the dome and minarets of olden mosques. Their website (http://www. prairienet. org/cimic/) announces that the mosque holds congregational prayers five times during the day, the first session being at 5:45 in the morning and the last at 7:30 in the evening. The center also offers Arabic classes and is open to visitors any day. CIMIC Newsletter is published bimonthly. In my interview with Bonsan Go, I was able to gain some insights on how a lay Muslim understands and practices Islam. About the hajj, Mr. Go describes it as the â€Å"symbol of unity between the Muslim Ummah and the Oneness of Mankind. † According to him, this has to be done at least once in a lifetime and is very important because it is one of the five pillars of Islam. He said that the hajj is obligatory for all Muslims who can afford it financially and physically. It is also important that the money spent for the hajj comes from hard work and not from corruption. He also talked about the Sunnis and Shi’ites. He described the Sunnis as following the teachings of Muhammad, imitating his every actions and words while the Shi’ites believe that Hadhrat Ali was the real successor to Muhammad because he belonged to the family of Muhammad. He further said that the Shi’ites call their leader an imam while the Sunnis call their leader a caliph, just like they do in Indonesia where the great majority of the Muslims are Sunnis. On the question of marriage, he said that a Muslim is not obliged to have several wives. However, once a man decides to do so, he can only marry as much as four times and he is required to treat all of them equally and see to it that all his wives maintain harmonious relationships all around. The Muslims, according Mr. Go, have never worshipped Muhammad. It is Allah that they give praise to. He considers it very disturbing that most people tend to equate the position of Muhammad with the one who created him. He said that to worship Muhammad instead of Allah is considered a great sin in Islam. On jihad, this was what he said: â€Å"Jihad is not a declaration of war against the enemies of Islam but a striving and a struggle in the path of God. Commitment to God involves commitment to sacrifice one’s time, energy and wealth to promote the right cause. It may be necessary at times to give one’s life in order to preserve TRUTH. † Before we parted ways, he told me that he is deeply saddened by the war on terror being waged by the United States and is targeted at Muslims. He said that the U. S. government has categorized all Muslims as terrorists and as such, must not be trusted. He said that the claim that Islam, as a religion, supports the activities of terrorists is definitely not true because even a Muslim like him hates terrorists. In the study of the beliefs and teachings of Islam and Christianity, Fisher (2005) has shown us the similarities between the two religions. They are both monotheistic, they have their own prophets (Jesus and Muhammad), and both religions trace their roots to Abraham. Islam and Christianity teach their followers to treat their fellowmen with fairness and both religions profess anti-violence sentiments. The Muslims are making this especially clear at every opportunity, enough reason for them to feel very badly towards the U. S. -led anti-terror war. The central beliefs of Islam are also very identical to the central beliefs of Christianity: they both believe in the brotherhood of men, in the angels, saints, even in Satan, and in the Last Judgment. If a split occurred between the Shi’a and Sunni Muslims after the death of Muhammad, a great schism likewise rocked the Christian world when the Roman Catholics and the Eastern Orthodox Church parted ways in 1054. Sadly, however, Fisher has also shown us that both Islam and Christianity have chosen the options of wars of aggression and occupations during the early days for the purpose of spreading their doctrines and widen their spheres of influence. (Fisher. 2005. Christianity; Islam) However, if Fisher (2005) has shown that Islam and Christianity have many similarities, they also differ in some aspects. The first difference is rather basic. While Islam revolves around Allah as its God and only authority, Christianity, as a faith, is based â€Å"on the life, teachings, death, and resurrection of Jesus. † Muslims disagree with Christians in this regard. They do not believe that Jesus is a son of God. To them, Jesus, like Muhammad, was only a prophet and messenger of God. Another glaring difference between the two religions occurred in connection with the death of Jesus and Muhammad. While Muhammad died peacefully in his bed because of some illness, his death divided the Muslim world into the Shi’a and the Sunni Muslims. Jesus, on the other hand, died a violent death (he was tortured and crucified), but his death strengthened and unified his people. (Fisher. 2005. Christianity; Islam). References Almuslimin. org. (n. d. ). Who Is Muhammad? (Retrieved March 9, 2007 from:http://drupalmalaysia. org/Islam/Muhammad) CIMIC. (n. d. ). Central Illinois Mosque and Islamic Center. (Retrieved March 5, 2007 from: http://www. prairienet. org/cimic/) Fisher, M. P. (2005). Christianity. Living Religions, Sixth Edition (pp. 284-361). Prentice-Hall. Fisher, M. P. (2005). Islam. Living Religions, Sixth Edition (pp, 362-416). Prentice-Hall. Kikim Media. (n. d. ). The Life of Muhammad. (Retrieved March 5, 2007 from: http://www. pbs. org/muhammad/timeline. html. shtml) Yusuf, S. H. (n. d. ). A Time for Introspection. (Retrieved March 9, 2007 from: http://www. masud. co. uk/ISLAM/misc/shhamza_sep11. htm) .